The period witnessed an integration of landform studies with marine geophysics, expanding from regional geomorphology toward continental-scale synthesis. Researchers emphasized systematic mapping of landforms, river and coastal processes, glacial histories, and the seabed's structure, incorporating bathymetric data and sediment dynamics to interpret surface processes. Methodologically, emphasis on field surveys, morphometric inventories, and quantitative landscape reconstructions guided cross-disciplinary understanding of how land, sea, and climate interact.